Does the Environment matter to Sociology?

Sociology is described as ‘the systematic study of human society' (Macionis and Plummer 2005:4). Because of this, it is unlikely that ‘the environment' is one of the key topics that sociologists naturally think of as part of their studies. Indeed environmental issues seem far removed from what is still largely the staple fare of sociology courses. ‘What have species loss, acid rain or ozone depletion to do with the mainstream social theory or key disciplinary concepts such as class, power and inequality? (Alan Irwin 2001:8) Until recently a sociologist would answer ‘nothing' but since the emergence of modernity there has been a shift in sociological thinking towards globalisation. According to David Held, this is ‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnectedness'. More generally, it is known as a recent cultural and economical era that centres on universalism, homogeneity and progress. Undoubtedly globalisation is having a profound effect on the world but its specific effect on the environment has become a major topic across all of the social sciences. Until now sociology never included the environment but as environmental degradation increases affecting world population, cultures and lifestyles, awareness of the environment has now become necessary. ‘Environmental degradation is no longer a peripheral concern of the social sciences†¦. it is an unavoidable and pressing reality. ‘ (David Goldblatt, 1996:5) Substantial references to the environment are generally limited within classical sociology. Primarily, sociologists have focused on the evolution of social interaction and cultural change. In the first half of the 19th century both Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer considered sociology to be epistemologically and ontologically dependent on, or subordinate to, biology. Comte drew on biological analogies and metaphors of form and function and to explore the interrelationship of individuals and institutions in modern society (David Goldblatt, 1996:2). Spencer's work was the first of many attempts to marry Darwinian models of evolution, selection and change to social development. The work of the classical political economists, also directly examined the relationship between the natural environment and the human economic prospect. Classically, Thomas Malthus inquired into the social consequences of rapid population growth in the context of limited environmental resources with which to feed that population. By the end of the 19th century however, the pace of western industrialisation exploded and population growth continued unabated. All sociological and economical predictions were proved redundant. From this point of view it is perhaps no surprise that social thinkers bypassed further attempts to engage with the social and economic origins and consequences of environmental change, they didn't want to be proved wrong. When looking at the classical trinity of Weber, Durkheim and Marx there is no marked difference. According to Goldblatt (1996:3), ‘Weber's work conducts the most limited engagement with the natural world. There are some reflections on the environmental origins and implications of nomadism in his study of Judaism. Yet his historical investigations†¦ ielded little direct study of the historical impact and social implications of differing natural environments. ‘ Throughout his work Weber's theoretical reflections on the environment go little further than a few brief paragraphs in ‘Economy and Society', ‘in all the sciences of human action, account must be taken of processes and phenomena which are devoid of subjective meaning†¦. favou ring or hindering circumstances. ‘ In other words non-human, unintended processes, such as climate or water-levels, are of significance if they affect human action. However, Marx and Durkheim are more appropriate. In taking population density and its relationship with material resources to be the driving force behind the evolution of human societies, Durkheim made the natural world a decisive causal factor in human history. Similarly Marx placed the economic interface of human societies and the natural world at the centre of historical change. By contrast, Weber never gave demographics a central causal role in history, he defined action by reference to the ideal type of purposive rational action. In his opinion, the relationship between means and ends was more significant than the ontological relation between human subject and natural object. (Goldblatt 1996:4) Yet clearly, the works of Marx and Durkheim are of limited use to environmental sociology. The primary ecological issue for classical social theory was not the origins of contemporary environmental degradation, but how premodern societies had been held in check by their natural environments, and how it was that modern societies had come to surpass those limits or had separated themselves in some sense from their ‘natural' origins. Yet it is possible to defend the classical thinkers, modern societies were unconstrained by natural limits and at the height of capitalism and industrialisation, it did not seem that economic growth would prove to be environmentally problematic in any way. From this point of view it is only since the advent of the modern era and particularly the onset of globalisation, that the environment has begun to be examined in a sociological sense. This is done in two main ways. Most obviously, social life is increasingly generating environmental problems leading to degradation. The levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have dramatically risen since the invention of industry. Natural resources such as the fossil fuels are burnt in gigantic quantities releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which in turn contributes to global warming and climatic change. Similarly the use of CFCs in refrigerators and aerosols has resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer which allows harmful UV rays from the sun to enter our atmosphere. Deforestation has also resulted in soil degradation and a loss of rainforest habitat which in turn has caused a global loss of natural animal habitat resulting in the extinction of over 10,000 different animal species. However, these environmental problems are not universally distributed and many sociologists argue that the serious environmental consequences flow from the global disparity of wealth and power, exasperated by globalisation. For example, the richest 20% of the world's population account for around 90% of the world's motor vehicles which are the primary cause of carbon emissions. Yet the world as a whole will suffer from global climate change. Similarly ‘the members of all high-income societies represent 20% of humanity but utilise 80% of all energy produced. ‘ (Connet, 1991) The causes of environmental degradation are distinctly uneven but the effects look to be even more so. As shown, the richest, most developed countries have contributed most to environmental degradation but studies have shown that the poor developing countries will be most affected. Global warming and climate change will result in the increase of floods, storms and harvest failures, and these will always most affect those living closest to their means of subsistence. One study predicts a decline in harvests of 30% in India and Pakistan by 2050. Similarly over 90% of global deaths from air pollution occur in the developing world where medical advances are far behind those of the developed world. As the world has become more aware of the effects that technology has had on the environment, rich, developed nations have had the capital to find alternative resources or to find cures to treat the medical conditions caused by environmental degradation but the poorer countries will have to suffer. Agricultural degradation and desertification is currently severest in Asia and Africa who rely most upon this primary industry and will become unable to diversify from lack of capital. Sociologists look to examine this highly uneven social stratification. Population is also an environmental matter that sociologists have begun to look closely at. Since 1960 the world's population has increased by over 75% to around 6 billion and most of the current increases derive from the less-developed countries. The problem lies with the question of consumption. By 2050 the global population is expected to have reached 8. 5 billion people, all living with ‘western-style' consumption. This is unsustainable, and this raises the question of social lifestyles. To curb the growth rate people will have to change their lifestyles. However, it is unrealistic to assume that people will conform to legislation that changes the way they live. Until now, social and political thought never included the environment, it was always assumed that it would continue to be able to sustain human lifestyles but this has changed. It looks to sociologists to suggest solutions Traditionally the environment did not matter to sociology, it was barely spoken about by the classical thinkers but the degradation of the environment has become a sociological issue, indirectly because of globalisation. The global homogeneity of western style industrialisation and production resulted in large-scale pollution which is now out of control. It has reached a stage where consumption outweighs production and humans are unable to look to the traditional optimistic views supported by all the classical, modernist thinkers. This believed that human technological innovations would always be able to be relied upon to support population growth. This is now impossible, the answer is no longer down to ‘science' but down to values that people must choose. Sociologically this now raises questions of inequality. Both the causes and solutions of environmental degradation were initiated by western policies and the particular solutions do not suit everyone. Recently many less developed nations have refused to curb industrial emissions as they feel it is their turn to develop according to the pattern that the western world first started. At the same time, the existing developed countries fear the suggested environmental solutions as they fear the economical repercussions that a reduction of emissions, and therefore industry, will cause. Sociologists now look to examine the possibilities of adhering to the lifestyle change that environmental policy will now cause.

Surgical Instruments

Surgery has been performed since ancient times. The earliest recorded surgical operations were circumcision and trepanation. (Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin of the penis. Trepanation involves making a hole in the skull to relieve pressure and/or release spirits. ) The earliest instruments used in these procedures were flint or obsidian (shiny stone) knives and saws. Stone Age skulls from around the world have been found with holes in them from trepanning. Primitive people also used knives to cut off fingers damaged in accidents. The ancient Hindus of India excelled at surgery. The great surgical textbook, Sushruta Samhita, probably dates back to the last centuries B. C. This work described 20 sharp and 101 blunt surgical instruments. These instruments included forceps, pincers, trocars (sharp-pointed instruments fitted with a small tube), and cauteries (irons to heat and sear tissue). Most of these surgical tools were made of steel. The ancient Hindus also used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to restore amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones. At about the same time, ancient Peruvians were performing trepanation. They left behind various surgical instruments, including scalpels and chisels made of obsidian. The Greeks practiced surgery mostly on external parts of the body. They usually used forceps, knives, and probes. Bronze Roman surgical instruments found at Pompeii include a scalpel with a steel blade, spring and scissor forceps, a sharp hook, and shears. In the first century A. D. , Cel-cus A tray of modern surgical instruments. The ancient Hindus used lancets to carry out cataract surgery, scalpels to restore amputated noses via plastic surgery, and sharp knives to remove bladder stones. described the use of ligatures. Ligatures are used to tie off blood vessels and reduce bleeding during operations. Galen ( A. D. 130-200) gave detailed and sensible instructions on the use of surgical instruments. After ancient times, medical knowledge declined, and surgeons fell to a lowly status. In the absence of knowledge about antiseptics, surgery was highly risky. As a result, only the simplest and most urgent operations (such as amputations) using the most straightforward instruments were performed. A few physicians sought to spread knowledge of surgical procedures by publishing texts that illustrated surgical instruments. Most important among these men was the great French surgeon Ambroise Pare (1517-1590). Pare revived use of ligature and invented many surgical procedures and instruments. His inventions included the â€Å"crow's beak† to hold blood vessels while tying them off. Pare also perfected an instrument for cataract removal. Other types of surgical instruments are: Payr’s Crushing Clamp: This is the heavy instrument with double lever system, it has two blades with uniform serrations, used to perform Gastrectomy. Aneurysm Needle: This is the long instrument with an EYE at one end, it was used to ligate the feeding artery in an aneurysm, during venesection, silk suture can be threaded within eye passed around to ligate it. Right Angled Forcep: Also known as Lahey’s Forcep, it is used to ligate major vascular pedicles like superior thyroid pedicle in thyroidectomy, cystic artery in cholecystectomy and lumbar veins in lumbar sympathectomy. Czerny Retractor: This is a double hooked retractor on one side and single blade on other side, this is a superficial retractor, used to retract layers of abdominal walls and muscles during appendicectomy, herniorrhapy, or thyroidectomy. Lagenback retractor: It has a single blade, function it’s similar to Czerny Retractor. Deaver’s Retractor: It is used to retract liver during vagotomy, cholecystectomy, Gastrectomy, also used to retract kidney and urinary bladder. Allis Tissue holding forcep: It has a ratched and triangular expansion at tip, where serrations are present, it is used to hold tough structures like fascia, aponeurosis, can also be used to hold duodenum during Gastrectomy. Throughout time surgical instruments have changed now we sterilize the instruments and they are much more safer than the once in ancient history. Technology has evolved and keeps evolving new instruments will be created always.

Basketball Coaching

Have you ever imagined not having a coach for your sports team? Or why your coach is so successful? Even though they are very demanding, they’re essential for any team’s success. â€Å"I demand a lot out of my players, but we have fun and I give them room to learn and make mistakes,† said Coach Mike Bates. They provide structure and are the heart and souls of each team. Coaches have to love the game. The team reflects the coach, if he’s successful so will you be. The coach needs to be disciplined and teach the fundamentals of the game. They should instill moral values into the team. Basic basketball will make the team better. Basic basketball includes ball handling, proper form, offense, and etc. It may seem boring and stupid but it really makes you a better team and player. Players want a coach who will teach them the game. If the coach is a stickler for defense, your team can beat anyone. The fundamentals of defense can make a good team great and lower tier teams competitive. The defense will lead to offense and things will come easier for your team. Once you’ve mastered the basics the goals that have been set for the team will seem reachable and easier. The confidence of the team will sky rocket and results will follow. â€Å"I teach the kids every aspect of the game and the basics that will make them successful,† said Coach Mike. Your coach needs to be dedicated and love the game. â€Å"I’m a gym rat, I’ll do anything to get into the gym and help the girls,† continued Coach Mike. You need to make touch decisions and sacrifices to be successful. Nothing comes easily especially in this profession. You have to outwork your opposition and be prepared. Being in the gym and loving the game gives you many advantages over other coaches. Being around the game teaches you more and makes you aware of every situation. Yelling isn’t the only way to motivate players. There are many other ways to do so. Sometimes yelling may do more harm than good and hurt the teams psyche. Players will start to resent the coach and start to distance themselves. Once the morale and confidence is broken down the team will start to suffer the consequences. There are certain times when yelling is appropriate but it shouldn’t be used all the time and coaches should never single players out in front of the entire team. The coach should yell for a purpose, but also bring your confidence up at the same time and encourage you to do better. There shouldn’t be false hope put into player’s heads because of the coach’s ego. Players would start to lose respect for him. They really listen to what the coaches have to tell them and take it to heart. It really means a lot to them what you tell them. One of the reasons John Wooden was successful as a basketball coach was because he was the best teacher at the sport and taught his players life skills. He didn’t win ten national championships because he had talent. He won because he taught fundamentals and basic basketball. He instilled in his players that fundamentals is the key to success. To this day his players still use what he taught them and take that with them as they move on with their lives. He was a coach and a father to the players. He always compared how life was like basketball and the players understood what he meant. John Wooden made the Pyramid of Success. The Pyramid of Success consists of twenty-five behaviors that Wooden felt you needed to be successful in not only basketball, but also in life. The top two behaviors are faith and patience. He followed those behaviors and taught his players those behaviors until his dying days. Phil Jackson is also another great coach. He is unique just like John Wooden. They never felt the need to yell. Jackson is the Zen Master and isn’t a yeller. He’s unique because unlike most coaches he trusts his team and lets them play instead of calling timeouts when his team gets into ruts. Most coaches would be infuriated and quickly call a timeout but not him. He sits back and lets them play through difficult periods. He doesn’t coach every player the same and understands the needs of what each player needs to succeed. Jackson knows his players and all their strengths and weaknesses. Another wonderful thing is he taught the two best players the game has ever had to offer: Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant, that playing within the concept of the team is the only way to win. An excellent leader leads to an excellent coach. With the confidence and swagger that they have to offer it rubs off on the team. The team needs someone to follow and look up to. Players have to respect the coach. Respect is a major aspect of the game. The team should want to live and die by the coach. Conducting a great practice is a great aspect of any coach. Practice should be conducted with the needs of the team and show progress throughout the year. It is a way for coaches to see what you can bring to the team. Practice makes perfect and for every coach they live and die by that saying. All in all the coach is the catalyst to the team. They are everything to the team and the team thrives off their energy. The personality of the team reflects the coach. Coaches that drill the basics and fundamentals into the team are very successful. The team will succeed as a whole and improve as the season moves along.

Analyze and discuss a monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyze and discuss a monopoly - Essay Example Monsanto is specialized in biotechnology and produces genetically engineered seeds. As they were pioneers in this area, they took advantage in the mid 90s genetically altered seeds' fever and patented all the modifications they had introduced. One of the main characteristics of these seeds is that they are not useful from one harvest to the next, which forces farmers to buy new seeds every year. To maintain their monopoly they firstly patented all their genetic modifications; then, they bought the most important seed companies in the U.S. 'As a result, two firms, Monsanto and Pioneer ([] purchased by DuPont), now dominate the U.S. seed business' ('Monsanto: The Bad Seed--Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly', Organic Consumers Association, http://www.organicconsumers.org). One of their allies was the U.S. government, which promoted the use of genetically modified seeds and allowed the sold of genetically modified food without labeling it as modified. Cases like the Monsanto Canada Inc. vs.

CHAPTER 17 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CHAPTER 17 - Essay Example This is because individuals posts what is on their minds. These posts are open to be seen by all friends. The information posted, might paint either a negative or positive picture in the minds of the viewer. Some may like it or not. In most occasions, the post tells us a lot about an individual. We look for jobs day in and out, and some of us have jobs. When we are using these sites, we have to be conscious of what we post. This is because we do not know about the reaction of the employers towards the posts (Papacharissi 10). We should be more focused in using these sites and have a positive mind because it might be a way of advertising yourself positively, and through that someone can be able to get a job. In contrary to getting a job, the site can be a stepping stone to your downfall. A person can lose a job through the posts if they give a negative impression towards your job, your fellow employees or to your employer. Many of us use these sites differently. It will be good if we know that we have information that might cause different reaction among the viewers. If we make them public to everyone the way we do, that is where we find ourselves in trouble. No one ever will like to employ a person that has constantly been posting pictures, either of him drunk or drunk with friends. It will be wise not to have your boss as friends or consider having different accounts. This helps one to manage different accounts. An individual can have one account as a ‘respect oriented site’ and the other one for personal interests. This will help keep personal dignity (Papacharissi 18). With every new encounter with someone, individuals get to be evaluated. This helps one to form a personal impression about the other. Someone will be able to analyze a person through body language, dressing, mannerism and your demeanor. It is by this first impression that we set both tone and the reception to be given to us by an individual. When

Business Research Methods Part 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Research Methods Part 3 - Term Paper Example Another potential challenge lies in data collection and analysis. Sometimes the data might be outdated or the researcher may not be able to collect comprehensive data to carry out research. Another challenge is to prioritize and filter information from the data – both qualitative and quantitative. The researcher needs to abandon redundant information and include only those which are relevant to his or her research (Sittig et al, 2008). There may be several methods which a researcher may employ in order to reduce the challenges and increase the authenticity of data used in research. Here the researcher has conducted both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the healthcare dilemma in American households. One of them is to involve iterative methods and the refinement and development of analogies, typologies and other methods to analyze data (Fitzpatrick & Boulton 1996). This is extremely important especially when qualitative methods of data collection are employed. The researcher may be biased or the participants may be biased in providing their observations and answers. Hence, conducting iteration is one way to reduce such bias in data analysis. Another way to authenticate and validate the data collected in research is to properly prioritize and sort out the data.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reading response - Essay Example For instance, the word chair – we only of the word chair as the object itself but we cannot make any other significance to the word beyond its own definition â€Å"unless† we combine it with other parts of speech: This chair is mine. Now it makes a lot of sense. In a nutshell, and as a student, it is not enough to simply learn the words of a language but to know the context in which they can be spoken, written or used in any other way possible. Chapter 9 is probably the most crucial and interesting one considering that at the end of day, the purpose of having a language is to send message and express meaning. The central point of this chapter is the duality of an English expression: (1) the sentence construction; (2) the meaning of the sentence construction (132). As mentioned earlier, words do not make any other sense aside from their individual significance in a language unless combined with other parts of speech to create a complete thought and a whole new meaning. I n the same way, in expressing meaning, words should be chosen based on which king of meaning we intend to express: command, request or question. By having this knowledge as a student, I am always being reminded to not only focus on words but on meaning too to ensure clarity of expression. In the initial passages of chapter 10 entitled â€Å"The Link between Language and Culture†, a very strong point has been brought across: â€Å"acquiring the ability to understand the social meaning of an utterance is an important part of learning a language† (175). This is particularly true, most especially for cultures that are heavily rooted from extreme conservatism. Significantly, there is a certain degree of interlocked relationship between language and culture considering that language is basically moulded from the dynamics and general consensus of a particular community. For instance, accent variations tell a lot about a person’s nationality or regional affiliation such that New York residents pronounce the word car differently from residents of Michigan or Boston area for that matter (175). Furthermore, in the context of religious conservatism, there are countries that are very strict when it comes to using certain terminologies such as the world â€Å"Allah† – Muslim for â€Å"God† – which is prevalently agreed to be used only by Muslims. As a student, having knowledge of the social and cultural significance of a certain language will help establish smooth and amicable communication with people of different nationalities, language or culture; it encourages dynamism and flexibility. Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 make tessellated points in so far as the importance of understanding the context in which a language is being spoken and used is concerned. Politeness is substantial for the language learner because the standards of certain virtues like politeness are â€Å"determined by a given culture based on assumptions about what it means to be polite in that society† (194). This point provides a great deal of learning: it allows the language learner to understand the array of differences in which the essence of politeness in a certain language can be carried out or manifested. As a student, this will surely help in ensuring that language

Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indonesia - Essay Example (FAO) The median age for males is 25.7 and for females 26.6, giving a total median age population of 26.1. (Country Reports 2006) The sex ratio (m/f) at birth is 1.05, at 15-64 is 1.0, and at 65 and over is 0.78. With 21 births and 6 deaths per 1,000 people, and 36 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, Indonesia has an annual growth rate of 1.4%. Life expectancy at birth is currently 69.6 years. The crude birth rate per 1000 people is 22.55 as per the 1998 census. (World Health Organization) The total fertility rate (per woman) is 2.4. The primary reasons for the decline in fertility rate in Indonesia are an increased use in contraception, which in turn is due to economic development, an increase in the education rate, and greater work force participation for women. (Shafiqul-Islam et. al 1995) Adult male and female literacy rates are at 93.4% and 85.5% respectively (WHO) The maternal mortality ratio, the infant mortality rate, and the under 5 mortality rate are all declining, due to several factors including increased immunization coverage, economic growth (particularly in rural areas), improvement in health facilities, and greater community awareness and participation. Constraints to reduction in mortality include increasing urbanization and poverty in remote island locations. (WHO) Ethnicity of Indonesia is Javanese 45%, Sudanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%. Religious identity is Islam 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1%. (Country Reports: Indonesia) Indonesia has become a global source of contract migrant workers, who secure jobs in another country for a contracted period. The push factor is the demand for unskilled labor in Australia and Thailand, for example. The scarcity of skilled workers in Indonesia is a major pull factor for immigration into the country. (UN) Figure 3 - Religious Affiliation Resources Average daily protein intake is 65.74 as per the 1999 census. The people of Indonesia consume an average of around 2,800 calories per day. (FAO) Indonesia has faced serious problems with malnutrition due to inadequate production and availability of certain foods. Rice is the staple of the majority of Indonesians, due to availability and expense of meat protein. (FAO) Insufficient awareness of nutritional needs and poor eating habits are among other reasons for malnutrition. Other nutritional issues such as anemia, iodine deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency are also prevalent. (WHO) Forestry is a significant employer in Indonesia, supplying around 3.7 million jobs. An estimated 51-57% of the land area of the country is covered in forest land, equating to 98-109 million hectares. 34% is designated for protection and national parks. Secondary forest products such as plywood, sawn timber, rattan, and paper are among the most important non-oil exports of the country. Switching to sustainable forest resources is crucial because the population of Indonesia is increasing relatively rapidly. The government plans to decrease reliance on natural forest areas for such products, and increase reliance on plantations, with the goal of having

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Management accounting - Essay Example A purchase of Raw Material Stocks equaling 36,000 must have been made. The issue that caused this was probably due to decreased efficiency in using materials. When Raw Materials must be purchased beyond what is budgeted this means there is an unfavorable variance of 36,000. In order to correct this issue the company must come up with a standard of how much Raw Material stocks to use and then if costs allow, use a supervisor to ensure this standard is upheld. We can assume based on these numbers that the company added more debt from creditors of about 36,000 since inventory had been bought through creditors the balance increased by the amount of increase in the Raw Material Stock balance. Therefore since the ending balance of creditors was less than the beginning we can see that the company must have paid off creditors in excess of the added debt. That excess is equal to the beginning balance of 66,000 plus added debt of 26,000 minus the ending actual balance of 51,000, which means the company paid toward what was owed creditors, which was 51,000. The issue that may have occurred is that current debts might have become due and therefore these debts had to be satisfied. Thus payment was made to the creditor decreasing working capital. In order to prevent this from happening again debt should be kept to a low amount, paid in a timely manner and cash should be kept in order to satisfy debt. Due to the fact that the company paid creditors 51,000, that amount must come out of the Bank balance since there is no cash on hand. The beginning balance was only 4,500 and the ending balance was negative 39,000 therefore the company must have added 7,500 to the bank account. Where did that 7,500 come from? The issue is that there is an overdraft of the bank account. This has happened due to the purchases of Raw Material Stocks

Physics ISA Thermistor generalised Paper 1 guide Essay Example for Free

Physics ISA Thermistor generalised Paper 1 guide Essay 1. My hypothesis is that the resistance decreases as the temperature increases. I predict my results will have a negative correlation, and that as the temperature 2. http://www.gcsesciencemethods.co.uk/2014/05/thermistor-resistance-dependent-on.html http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-physics/effect-temperature-thermistor The first method contained a risk assessment as well as a choice of two methods, one with a digital multimeter as well as one with a power supply and an ammeter. The second method has an explanation as to how a thermistor works, but I chose the first method because it had a multimeter method, which is easier than using a power supply and an ammeter, as it reads resistance directly in Ohms. 3. The equipment I will use is an NTC Thermistor, Hot Water (200ml), Cold Water (200ml), Beaker (500ml), Thermometer (0-100c), Digital Multimeter, and Connecting leads. You will need to boil water (at least 200ml) and put it in a beaker of at least 250ml, and then the same with normal water. You will then need to use connecting leads to connect the digital multimeter to the thermistor. You will need to turn the multimeter on, and set it to read Ohms, which is the unit for Resistance (Pd/current). You will then pour the hot water in the 500ml beaker, and immerse the thermistor into the 500ml beaker. You will then wait until the hot water reaches 70c, and then measure the resistance in Ohms. You will then repeat the experiment, to increase accuracy and to spot anomalies that might affect your final results. You will take a mean by adding up both results and dividing them by two.

Theoretical discussion of Nikes labor standards in foreign nations

Theoretical discussion of Nikes labor standards in foreign nations What labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, and the like, should Nike hold foreign factories to: those prevailing in that country or those prevailing in the United States? The unsuccessfully of labor standards which are child labor, hazardous working conditions, excessive working hours, and poor wages in developing countries are still the major problems. In order to increase company profits, Nike then reduces the cost by having the low labor wages paid. The multinational corporations such as Nike needs to developed code of conduct for their suppliers to make its unidirectional and correctly. The meaning of a code of conduct is the code that provides a guideline of ethical behaviors and values which company uses to follow when faced the problem in a day-to-day work (Locke, 2007). He also states that the code of conduct of Nike requires subcontractors to consider some basic labor, safety standards, and environmental and health. According to Kochan (2007), the codes of conduct do not protect the labor rights or improve working conditions but can limit legal liability and prevent the company reputation only. According to the case, Nike faced the problem of the low labor standards in foreign factories that are the subcontractors. Nike had become a sweatshop symbol of the evils of globalization. The definition of sweatshops is unsafe and unhealthy working conditions including low wages, long hours or work with no overtime pay, health or safety, and child labor (Banfe, 2001). The sweatshops will occur in the factories that have the problems of poor labor standards (Miller, 2006). For example, the company that pays the salaries less than minimum wages and forces employees to work overtime. The sweatshops and low labor standards are the important factors that can impact the economic development (Park-Poaps, 2009). According to Miller (2006), the sweatshops don ¿Ã‚ ½t help low educated workers in the developing countries from poverty due to the fact that people have less alternative choices in choosing a job. A big American company  ¿Ã‚ ½ Nike outsources the foreign factories to manufactu re their athlete shoes. This will caused the United States has the impact on unemployment rate (Greene, 2007). Due to the fact, huge labor markets are needed to satisfy the demand which increasing continuously (Schwartz, 2000). He also states that the requirement of the huge labor markets will cause the talent is become not important. According to Greene (2007), the salaries are set based on the productivity level. No company can pay a labor wage beyond the productivity level. The reason of poor labor standards in terms of minimum wages and hiring child labor caused Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s subcontractors to become a sweatshop. The setting of minimum wages should be cancel to deny the problems of the poor labor standards (Greene, 2007). The statistical analysis found that the anti-sweatshops campaign can increase the unskilled labor wages around twenty percent in the footwear factories (Miller, 2006). Regarding to safety, working conditions, overtime, Nike should hold the conditions with foreign factories which are Indonesia, Vietnam, and China. If Nike persists on prevailing conditions in the United States, there is unessential for Nike to look for outside countries manufacturers. According to Park-Poaps (2009), the research found that the foreign outsourcing firms have impact on the stakeholders and governance structure in terms of the public pressure. Nevertheless, through the pressure that Nike received from many groups of association, the company should find the solution to improve the working conditions or labor standards from the Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s foreign manufacturers. If Nike can enhance its labor standards, Nike will receive benefits from the public relations rather than putting more effort. In addition, Nike can reduce the cost of developing public relation strategies. According to Park-Poaps (2009) in the recent time, the American companies place importance on corporate pu blic relation in order to answer and perform the public response. The enhancement of labor standards in foreign factories could make Nike has good company ¿Ã‚ ½s reputation. To avoid the problems of the sweatshops, the improvement of education and a living wage should be done by the government in each country (Greene, 2007). Moreover, the viable systems of labor conditions should be control and restrict by non-governmental association such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Park-Poaps, 2009). Nike has got a high public pressure from the problem of sweatshop in the foreign subcontractor companies. Therefore, Nike should response to the public by creating the ethical labor management strategies which respect to human rights and also public relation management strategies based on the moral practice (Park-Poaps, 2009). Nike can also establish the codes of ethics in the corporate culture. According to Kantor (2002), the codes of ethic can produce a good effect on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The company that does the corporate social responsibility can create the company reputation in the positive way. Nike should put more effort in decision making when doing business internationally by having the ethical standards in human resource management in supplying company. According to Park-Poaps (2009) the ethical standards of the company can refer to the role of top management that can impact on the company reputations. The managers should present their higher standards as role models to employee in the way they should behave (Kantor, 2002). If Nike practices the better ethical labor standards, the company will receive good corporate image. Moreover, Nike should hold the foreign subcontractors to those prevailing in the United States by having the possible standards in term of working conditions and overtime that protect the basic rights of employees. In the production period, the productivity limitation within a day should not exceed employee strength and also should not hurt the worker ¿Ã‚ ½s health (Schwartz, 2007). Regarding to the Nike case, the company could not meet the satisfaction of stakeholder which is the employees. The problem of employees seems to be the influential concern rather than other stakeholders. According to Schwartz (2000), a good company needs to meet the satisfaction of its stakeholders which are customers, shareholders, and employees. He also argued that if the employees lose their jobs, it is the company mistake. The emphasis of stakeholders especially in employees caused the company has more cost adding (Greene, 2007). He also states that many companies try to avoid the cost of labor by changing the ways in doing business. For example, the automated check-out counter in supermarkets and teller bank machines has been found in the developing world. The cost saving is become a major concern at the present time when the economic problems occur. In addition, the technology changing is also the possible factor to reduce the number of workers. Therefore, the change in technol ogy and the cost saving could be the cause of the unemployment in developed countries such as the United States. These factors lead the big company  ¿Ã‚ ½ Nike needs to use the outsourcing manufacturers in foreign countries to produce their products. According to Locke (2007), the ways Nike response to the public pressure are that all suppliers need to sign the code of conduct and post within the factories. In the code of conduct, it provides the training and the staff to control all of suppliers. In addition, Nike has approximately one thousand mangers working in those foreign factories to responsible for training Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s code of conduct and labor practices. Locke also argued that the new approval process of Nike is the three different types of audit which are a basic environmental, safety and health audit, and a more in-depth management and working conditions audit. However, the codes of conduct of Nike seem to be unsuccessful in some countries which the problems of poor wages and inordinate work hours or harassment (Locke, 2007). Hence, Nike should continue to check and evaluate the foreign subcontractor firms. In another way, Nike can use the trusty auditor firms to inspect the accuracy within those manufacturers. In conclusion, the sweatshops are the major problem of Nike in doing business with foreign subcontractors to manufacturer their products. To eliminate the sweatshops, the related associations or government in those developing countries should come to look after and inspect Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s subcontractors. The needed of the huge labor markets in the real world can create the obstacle in the working conditions such as a low wages paid, no overtime pay, long-time working, and child labor. On the other hand, the education and a living wage are also important factors that need to concern in order to solve the problem of unskilled workers in developing countries. Moreover, Nike should hold the foreign factories to those prevailing in subcontractor countries  ¿Ã‚ ½ Vietnam, Indonesia, and China. To improve the labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, Nike should practice the ethical standards by concern on the human right and basic needs of employees. The managers shou ld act as the role model on the ethical behavior to make the employees to follow the codes of ethic. In addition, the codes of conduct are important for the Nike foreign manufacturers to follow and practice in the correctly way. If Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s foreign subcontractors can improve the labor standards and working conditions by using the codes of conduct and the codes of ethic, Nike will get the benefit from the public relation in term of company reputation and also avoid public pressure.

The Best Ethical Practices And Values Of Greenpeace Politics Essay

The Best Ethical Practices And Values Of Greenpeace Politics Essay Greenpeace is a renowned Non-Governmental Organisation founded by Dorothy Stowe, Irving Stowe, Dorothy Metcalfe, Jim Bohlen, and Bob Hunter; to fight for the environmental degradation, since 1971. According to Greenpeace Annual Report 2001, Greenpeace is an independent campaigning organisation that uses non-aggression and mediagenic confrontation to expose global environmental issues, and to force solutions which are significant to a greener and peaceful future (Greenpeace, 2001). The organisation is currently campaigning for the safeguard of the oceans and forests by switching fossil fuels to renewable energies, abolishing the use of toxic chemicals, opposing the use of genetically-engineered organisms, and to discontinue nuclear armament as to make an end of radioactive contamination. Ethical perplexing situations faced by Greenpeace Ethical dilemma is a state of involving difficult of choices between conventions (Fisher Lovell, 2003). As we know, ethical dilemma is stressing on the action of preserving a debate problem and to maintain ethical manners rather than looking for an excuse to end the debate. In recent year, Greenpeace is distressing by the ecological issues as stated below:- Genetic-Engineering In this 21st century, human population is increasing exceedingly and climate changes have causing the food production to be threatened. This issue has create a dilemma on the population at large, and because of this issue, scientist has come out with a solution of Genetic-Engineering (GE) which is creating plants, animals and microorganisms by modifying their genomes (Greenpeace, 2010). Besides that, Genetic-Engineering has create a negative impact on agronomic activities; for example, engineered plants found defenceless towards pests and diseases, and creating genetic contamination spreading uncontrollably through interbreeding with other natural organisms. And because of this case, Greenpeace has taking initiative to prevent the contamination of genetic-engineered genomes to the society at large. Climate Changes The climate changes is the major threat for global environmental, and based on the report it claimed that the continuing of use of fossil fuels which triggering the climate rapidly change (Greenpeace, 2002). The climate change has impacts on the agronomic production and creating natural disasters such as erosion, flooding due to the rise of sea level and has risk the population at large and triggering the extinction of the wildlife. Besides that forest devastation also the reason climate change occurred. Greenpeace claimed that one fifth of the global greenhouse gas release due to industrial logging (Greenpeace, 2010). Nuclear Activities Since the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan, nuclear activities have growing rapidly even the end of cold war, and besides that, the level of nuclear stockpiled still remain relatively high. In the report of world nuclear stockpile by Ploughshares Fund (2010) mentioned that there are total of 22,500 nuclear stockpiles in worldwide and over 8,190 warheads still operational (Ploughshares Fund, 2010), and this issue has concern Greenpeace since 1976; to fight for the safety of the people and the environment as to prevent catastrophes of nuclear explosion, warfare, and waste disposal issues. Based on Patrick Moore statement said that nuclear power plants are the next nuclear weapon which is the most hazardous devices has ever made (Moore, 1976). Based on the statement, we knew that Greenpeace never tolerate the uses of nuclear power plant which can convert to nuclear weapon which will harm the people and environment. Industrial Fisheries In recent year, the fishing industries have growths rapidly, and almost more than 70% of the world fisheries are abused by human (Greenpeace, 2010). This is because overfishing has become so common in today world besides that this issue has cause a great change in marine ecosystems which might cause extinction of the oceanic creatures in nearer future, In addition to this besides overfishing, by-catching has also creating a severed environmental impacts towards the marine ecologies because all of the by-catch creatures are threw away into the ocean after netted by the fishermen. The approach used to overcome the ethical issues The Greenpeace ozone campaign [mid-1980s-1992] The ozone campaign is to safeguard the ozone layer from being depleted. The depletion of the ozone layer is causing global warming due to the thinning of the ozone layer. The approach used by Greenpeace is public outreach where the organisation informing the public pertaining about the urgency of ozone layer depletion, and to catalyse public concern and demand for appropriate action from governments and corporations (Mate, 2001). Moreover, the materials that used for informing the public are publication of information video, publication of reports, brochures and leaflets, and public protests based on John Mate; to persuade the world about the danger of ozone depletion and to discourage the public to use substance which might hurt the ozone. Besides that, Greenpeace also involve in the commercial market, to initiate the public to switch to hydrocarbon refrigerator in 1992 from CFC refrigerator. Based on the case study, Greenpeace is using Kantian ethics. Kantian Ethics is stressing on the characteristic of dignity and moral equality of persons provided a principled rationale for resisting the more concerning features of consequentialism (Tiffany, 2006). The ethical values used by Greenpeace has shown the public that human error has cause the ozone to be depleted, and it is very essential that we (public) should change as to prevent further deterioration of the ozone layer. The benefit of Kantian ethics has a powerful and clear outline which well fit to everyones. Besides that, Kantian theory has played a good role in Greenpeace code of ethics where most of the Greenpeace employees followed. In addition, Immanuel Kant concludes that nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will (Immanuel, 2008). Apple Inc. and Greenpeace [2008] Based on Patrick Schultz and Duane Helleloid (2010) statement said that Greenpeace challenged Apple due to their poor score on reducing the use of toxic chemicals such as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Brominated Flame Retardants which is hazardous towards consumers. However, Apple declines to address the criticism by the Greenpeace activist about their products, recycling and the use of hazardous chemicals. And because of that, Greenpeace launched GREEN MY APPLE a campaign against Apple as to raise awareness of Apple environmental inadequacies in the society. This campaign is to initiate Apple to improve their company policies towards the environmental impact. (Schultz Helleloid, 2010) Based on the action Greenpeace has taken, it has shown that the theory of utilitarianism is being used. Utilitarianism is the moral course of action in which promoted the great happiness of the greatest number of people as to make the world a better place (Rawls Sen, 2009). The action has taken by Greenpeace is try to show Apple that what they are doing is not right because the substance uses by them are hazardous to consumers. Moreover, this case is quite similar to ozone depletion case where however the differences is Kantian rules is absolutism where the public must exercise or face the consequences of depletion but in utilitarianism is a choice of change or face consequences; e.g. if Apple stop using hazardous chemical on their product, they can protect the environmental impact as well as the health of their consumers; if they failed to practice their consequences is the public and the environment might face severe risk that is the purpose of Greenpeace try to convince Apple wha t they are doing is not right. In addition, David Crocker concludes that Humans are not only experiencers or preference satisfiers; they are also judges, evaluators, and doers (Crocker, 1997), and the reason Greenpeace became the ears and voice for the welfare of the public and environment. Greenpeace condemning against Papua New Guinea (PNG) development PNG main sources of income are based on forestry due to their land is unfitted for farming except for tree crops such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil, etc. However, according to Tim Curtin (2006), he mentioned that Greenpeace condemning PNG tree logging is based on unusual norms. Moreover, the condemning of Greenpeace is based on the information provided by Forest Trends which considered secondary sources of information based on the author the term illegal logging is a term can cover a broad range non-forestry legal issues such as work permits, expatriate staffs, training, health and safety, which has nothing to do with forestry issues in PNG (Curtin, 2006). Base on this case, Greenpeace has make an unethical condemnation against PNG in which against their main core values of seeking solution, promote open, informed debate about societys environmental choices (Greenpeace, 2010). Besides that, they are did not exercise their campaign strategies and policies values to take great care to reflect their fundamental respect for democratic principles and to seek solutions that will promote global social equity (Greenpeace, 2010). In PNG case, Greenpeace ignored the promotion of global social equity and did not observe the condition in PNG besides taking second hand information to support their criticism. Besides that, there is no ethics of care in this context; according to Helena Stensà ¶ta (2010), she said look into the context of the ethical dilemma in order to resolve it, and it regards moral development as advances in our understandings of responsibilities and relationships (Stensà ¶ta, 2010). Based on her explanation, Greenpeace should put themselves in PNG shoes; to understand their condition rather than jump into conclusion without knowing what actually happen there, and besides that, Greenpeace should not relied on the information obtained from Forest Trends since Greenpeace did not have sufficient information pertaining PNG logging issues as stated by Curtin. In addition, the answer of ethical dilemmas must always be dedicated on preserving the relationships between people (Aerostudents, 2010), and not pinpointing others. Greenpeace succeeded in obstructing Greenlands opportunities to secure their economic foundation for its peoples life condition and he regards Greenpeace action as being a very grave and illegal attack on Greenlands constitutional rights, and it is highly disturbing that Greenpeace in its chase on media attention with all measures breaks the safety regulations put in place to protect people and the environment by Greenlander Prime Minister (Pearse, 2010).Greenpeace against Greenlandic economic development Greenlanders are critically dependent on fisheries, shrimps and metals exports, and cultivating forage crops, garden and greenhouse vegetables as well as domesticating sheep, reindeers and fishes for local uses (CIA, 2011). Greenpeace exist in Greenland has create hatred amongst Greenlanders because their action has cause a huge loses by stopping them on sealskin trading, and telling youngsters in town not to eat whale or seal, the food Inuits have lived off for hundreds of years (Moshiri, 2010). Again in 2010, Greenpeace once again attack on Greenland oil rig development which condemn by Greenlander Prime Minister Kuupit Kleist (refers to the textbox above), and damaging countrys economy by occupy drilling platform (Carrell, 2010). As understand, Greenpeace trying to protect the nature from deteriorated by the oil drilling. The case above has shows that the organisation has violated their principle of non-violent confrontation, finding solutions and informed debate about societys environmental choices (Greenpeace, 2010). This case is very similar to their condemnation on Papua New Guinea development where there is no fundamental respect for democratic principles when dealing with the situation in a wrongful action because it is not about informing the public about the danger of environmental impact but it creating public unrest. Besides that, there is no ethical relativity in this case. According to Gael McDonald (2010) saying that ethical relativism it driven by the recognition of historical, cultural and individual diversity and the principal supporters are those who have identified significant variations in moral customs around the world and in different social settings (McDonald, 2010). Based on Greenland case, Greenpeace should not condemn Greenlanders oil rig development and halting their sealskin export because it will ruin the country economic, and their forceful approach has infuriate Greenlanders where the organisation has no right to condemn their economic approach where most Greenlanders agreed upon the development of their oil rig reserve because it will reduce the dependency on Danish annual $500 million grant from the oil development (Moshiri, 2010). In addition, there is also no duty of care to resolve the problem in a less confronted approach.

Character of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Hamle

Character of Hamlet in Shakespeare's Hamlet Hamlet is a man of many discoveries. The tragic hero in Shakespeare's Hamlet undergoes many changes throughout the play. His mindset is set deep and far away from the physical world that both helps him and hinders him in his plight for revenge against his uncle, Claudius, and his mother. When Hamlet is first introduced in Act I, Scene II, the reader is shown the depths of his sorrow. The King asks Hamlet "How is it that the clouds still hang on you" and the Queen tells him to "Cast thy nighted color off." By these comments one can envision Hamlet as someone who appears and radiates out his sorrow over his father's death. Hamlet lets the reader know that his sorrow runs much deeper than his clothes and sorrow filled eyes, saying about them that "These indeed seem, for they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passes show; These but the trappings and the suits of woe." In this statement Hamlet pours out that his sorrows courses through every part of him. This sadness plays a huge part in Hamlet's overall mindset, his sorrow over his father's death has left him empty and without the will to live and prosper in this world. "O, that this too, too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His cannon `gainst self- slaughter!" Hamlet is contemplating suicide here, but understands that he has no chances for a peaceful after life if he takes his own life. He needs to find peace in the afterlife because his thoughts about this world are this: "How weary stale, flat and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world! `Tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed." Hamlet finds n... ...s of Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He returns secretly to Denmark and is prepared to and does carry out the Commandment. Throughout Shakespeare's Hamlet, Hamlet finds the strength and drive to carry out the wishes of the Ghost of his father. His weakness laid in his sorrow over the death and in his fascination with the divine and eternal, where he found his strength was not from within himself but in other's abilities to devote themselves emotionally or with their lives to someone else's battle. Sources Consulted Greenblatt, Stephen. Shakespearean Negotiations: Inside the Mind of Hamlet. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.   Nevo, Ruth. Comic Transformations in Shakespeare. London: Methuen & Co., 1980. Shakespeare, William. The New Cambridge Shakespeare: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Philip Edwards. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1985.

Woman Leadership in Islam Essay -- essays research papers

In New York, on the 18th of March 2005, a professor of Islamic studies at Virginia Commonwealth University, Amina Wadud, led 150 men and women, in a Friday prayer. This incident is the first of its kind, as it is the first time for a woman to take the religious leadership role in Islam. Of Course, This incident caused a huge debate within the Islamic cultures. Some sheikhs declared there was nothing wrong with women leading prayers, but the big majority of sheikhs criticized Amina Wadud and condemned her. However, Amina Wadud in reply to the accusations stressed the equality between men and women, even in religious leadership. (Islam online, April 18, 2005) One wonders why Amina Wadud has chosen religion to convey her views of equality between men and women. In the present days, especially in religious countries, religion dictates every aspect of people's lives, where their modes of thought are imposed by the religious and political institutions. Consequently, if it is tolerable in religion for women to lead prayers then most probably, this will reflect on real life and women will be given the chance and the trust to take actual leadership positions. If this is the case, religious leadership will have an impact on women perception of themselves and their role in society. Women perception and confidence in themselves will change dramatically if they are given the chance to take religious leadership. The current situation in Egypt is, that most women underestimate their thinking abilities and see themselves as the ones who should serve their husbands (The Invisible Society: Women in Middle Eastern Culture, 2.5.2005). The role of religion here is that many women justify their present role with religion and this is why they accept it and do not try to change it. So if religious leadership then will result in women to have more confidence and see herself as having skills that she should take advantage of. Consequently, she will get motivated and see it as her duty to fight for her rights. Women will become more motivated and aware that a higher education is a necessity to pursue their rights. Thus, women will become more intellectual and independent. Independence, in this case, means economic independence, because if they get a degree and work, they will be capable of taking care of themselves and have their own income. This means that they will not be obliged ... ...tinople, who was a very powerful and rich woman. This egalitarian church system reflected on society. Women earned much more respect and credit and were therefore more active Their activity was shown for instance, in the fact when there used to be any religious gathering, women used to plan it in their living places and there express opinions and make sure they were taken into consideration. (Powerful wealthy women, Tuesday, April 19, 2005). To summarize, the role of women in society will improve and they will be given more opportunities. To conclude, women indeed are created with brains and a will this should have had a reason. Engaging in religious leadership will surely emphasize equality in the society. Women and men are indeed different, but maybe through women engagement in the outside world. The qualities that women posses that are not in men could be used efficiently and consequently society will develop. However one could ask if the engagement of women in society will ever be fully accepted from men. Because especially in the Middle East men enjoy their superiority and are not ready to give it up. So whatever happens will men ever accept themselves being led by a woman?

Hwa Tai Industries Berhad: SWOT Analysis & Company Profile Essay

Description: Synopsis Business Review’s Hwa Tai Industries Berhad contains a company overview, key facts, locations and subsidiaries, news and events as well as a SWOT analysis of the company. A few sections/chapters might not have sufficient information as the data might not be available on the public domain Summary This SWOT Analysis company profile is a crucial resource for industry executives and anyone looking to quickly understand the key information concerning Hwa Tai Industries Berhad’s business. Business Review’s â€Å"Hwa Tai Industries Berhad: SWOT Analysis & Company Profile† reports utilize a wide range of primary and secondary sources, which are analyzed and presented in a consistent and easily accessible format. Business Review strictly follows a standardized research methodology to ensure high levels of data quality and these characteristics guarantee a unique report. Scope – Examines and identifies key information and issues about (H wa Tai Industries Berhad) for business intelligence requirements. – Studies and presents Hwa Tai Industries Berhad’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities (growth potential) and threats (competition). Strategic and operational business information is objectively reported. – The profile contains business operations, the company history, major products and services, prospects, key competitors, key employees, locations and subsidiaries. Reasons To Buy – Quickly enhance your understanding of the company. – Obtain details and analysis of the market and competitors as well as internal and external factors which could impact the industry. – Increase business/sales activities by understanding your competitors’ businesses better. – Recognize potential partnerships and suppliers. – Obtain yearly profitability figures. Key Highlights Hwa Tai Industries Berhad (Hwa Tai) is an investment holding company, which through its group companies, is principally engaged in manufacturing of confectionery. The product portfolio of the company includes cookies, biscuits, crackers, cakes, cream sandwich, and snacks. The company operates its business through three reportable business segments, namely, Manufacturing segment, which is engaged in manufacturing of confectionery products; Trading segment is engaged in trading and distribution of its products; and Other segment. Hwa Tai markets its products under various brands such as HWA TAI, LUXURY, SALAM, Siang Siang, Duchess, D’Cream, Sesamio, Naiyu Jagung, U-Lite, D’licious, Melky, D’Layer, CrackerPlus, Choice, Love, PESTA, Wonderful, D’Lite, and Always. Hwa Tai is headquartered in Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Company Overview Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Facts Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Business Description Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Major Products and Services Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – History Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – SWOT Analysis 6.1. SWOT Analysis – Overview 6.1.1. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Strengths 6.1.2. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Weaknesses 6.1.3. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Opportunities 6.1.4. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Threats 7. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Competitors 8. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Employees 9. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Key Employee Biographies 10. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Company Statement 11. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Locations and Subsidiaries 11.1. Head Office 11.2. Other Locations & Subsidiaries 12. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Financial Ratios 12.1. Financial Ratios – Capital Market Ratios 12.2. Financial Ratios – Annual Ratios 12.3. Financial Ratios – Interim Ratios 12.4. Financial Ratios – Ratio Charts 13. Hwa Tai Industries Berhad – Share Data 14. Appendix 14.1. Methodology 14.2. Ratio Definitions 14.3. Disclaimer List of Tables Table 1: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Facts Table 2: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Major Products and Services Table 3: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad History Table 4: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Employees Table 5: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Key Employee Biographies Table 6: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Subsidiaries Table 7: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad Locations Table 8: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Ratios Based On Current Share Price Table 9: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Annual Ratios Table 10: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Interim Ratios Table 11: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Share Data Table 12: Ratio Definitions List of Figures Figure 1: Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, Ratio Charts Ordering: Order Online – http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1564522/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. Page 1 of 2 Fax Order Form To place an order via fax simply print this form, fill in the information below and fax the completed form to 646-6071907 (from USA) or +353-1-481-1716 (from Rest of World). 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Private And Public University Teachers Job Education Essay

Abstraction: This paper explores the difference in occupation satisfaction between private and public sector universities instructors of Karachi, Pakistan. Based on elaborate literature reappraisal, following hypothesis had formulated ; Private University instructors are more satisfied with their occupations as compared to Public University instructors. The sample of the survey comprises of 160 participants, 80 populace ( 40 males ; 40 females ) university instructors and 80 private ( 40 males ; 40 females ) university instructors of Karachi, Pakistan. Age scope was from 24 to 65 and mean age was 38.92 ( SD 8.353 ) . A Job Satisfaction Survey ( Spector, 1997 ) was administered to mensurate occupation satisfaction. For statistical analysis, independent â€Å" T † trial was performed to obtain the difference between private and public university instructors on occupation satisfaction. A consequence suggests important difference between Private and Public University instructors. Furthermore, private university instructors were more satisfied with their occupation as compared to public university instructors.1 IntroductionJob satisfaction is an of import facet of employees ‘ work life. Different researches have been conducted on employees involved in assorted businesss, ensuing in raised consciousness about issues refering employees and factors that influence employees ‘ occupation satisfaction. Therefore, a better penetration of direction of factors associated with occupation satisfaction can better the quality of worker public presentation. Harmonizing to the findings of Bowran and Todd ( 1999 ) , â€Å" occupation satisfaction and occupation public presentation are positively correlated † . Job satisfaction does non merely better public presentation of the workers, it besides affects other countries of a individual ‘s life. Hackman & A ; Oldman ( 1980 ) found that a higher occupation satisfaction is associated with increased produ ctiveness, lower absenteeism and lower employee turnover. Education is one of the cardinal demands of societies ; it non merely gives a feeling of achievement and fulfilment to the 1s leaving instruction but besides lays foundation for a new coevals to happen its right values and academic expertness for the hereafter. Therefore, instruction is a profession that needs particular attending and attention by society.The educationalists, therefore, are the people who need to be satisfied with their occupations for other sectors to have future employees. Higher instruction, in fact, is the genteelness land for the professional of highest quality in a society. It channelizes immature ; peoples ‘ aspirations and aspirations and turns them into effectual workers for diverse employment sectors. For these educationalists, occupation satisfaction in the signifier of good wage bundle, healthy work environment that is positive and larning oriented can take to maximization of their possible as leaders, visionaries and function theoretical accounts. Robins ( 2005 ) defined occupation satisfaction as a aggregation of feelings that an single holds towards his or her occupation. In other words, â€Å" Job satisfaction can be defined as the grade to which persons feel positively or negatively about their occupations ( Schermerhorn. Jr, et al. , 2005 ) † There is an imperative function of higher instruction in the success of any state. In higher instruction, its module plays a critical function. Merely when the module members are satisfied with their occupation, they can heighten the rational and academic potency of pupils. Job satisfaction of module members is based on a assortment of factors like personal factors, societal support systems, and wellness or fittingness of module and decision makers moderate the negative relationships between occupation strain, wellness, life satisfaction, and occupation satisfaction ( Blackbum, Horowitz, Edington, and Klos, 1986 ) . A survey by Sorcinelli and Near ( 1989 ) found that the occupation satisfaction of university module is independent of gender and positively correlated with academic rank. They besides suggest that occupation satisfaction is positively related to module ‘s life satisfaction and their non-work satisfaction. Another of import component that affects occupation satisfaction of module members is the sector from which they belong i.e. public or private university. The authorities or populace sector has some encouraging inducements like class based wages and occupation security. Private sector instructors have other optimistic wagess, which include, higher wages, good work status, disputing work undertakings etc. There are different factors in Private and Public University that can act upon the public presentation of the module for illustration, occupation security, wage, working status, contingent wages, relationship with colleagues, publicity, supervising, periphery benefits, communicating with other co-workers, and nature of work. Pay overall effects the grade of occupation satisfaction. A survey of university academic staff by Pearson and Seiler ( 1983 ) found, â€Å" faculty members have high degrees of dissatisfaction with compensation-related elements of the occupation ( e.g. , fringe benefits, wage, and public presentation standards ) † . Assorted researches findings show that pay degree of public and private sector employees is one of the beginnings of dissatisfaction. A survey of Voydanoff, ( 1980 ) findings shown that, â€Å" pecuniary compensation is one of the most important variables in explicating occupation satisfaction † . In their survey of public sector directors, Taylor and West ( 1992 ) found that wage degrees affect occupation satisfaction, describing that those public employees that compared their wages with those of private sector employees experienced lower degrees of occupation satisfaction. Another research behavior by Boone and Kuntz ( 1992 ) suggest that, offering employ ees just and sensible compensation, which relates to the input the employee offers the organisation, should be the chief aim of any compensation system. Included in the class of compensation are such points as medical assistance strategies, pension strategies, fillips, paid leave and travel allowances. A publicity chance improves motive of employees. Harmonizing to the research, â€Å" An employee ‘s chances for publicity are besides likely to exercise an influence on occupation satisfaction ( Landy, 1989 ; Larwood, 1984 ; Moorhead & A ; Griffen, 1992 ; Vecchio, 1988 ) † . In add-on, Robbins ( 1998 ) maintains that, â€Å" publicities provide chances for personal growing, increased duty, and increased societal position. † Not merely publicity chances but besides merit-base publicity gives satisfaction to its employees. Witt and Nye found that ( 1992 ) , â€Å" Persons who perceive that publicity determinations are made in a just and merely mode are likely to see satisfaction from their occupations † . A survey by Moses conducted on academic staff ( 1986 ) supports the position that, â€Å" module was dissatisfied with the undervaluing of learning excellence in publicity determinations. † She concluded, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ tenured and well-paid emplo yment provides satisfaction of the lower-order demands, whereas esteemed and independent work enables academic staff to fulfill to a greater degree higher-order demands than is possible for the general population ( e.g. , esteem need the demand for self-actualization ) † . Employees are likely to hold high degrees of occupation satisfaction if supervisors provide them with support and co-operation in finishing their undertakings ( Tinging, 1997 ) . Consequences of other survey show that the, â€Å" quality of the supervisor-subordinate relationship will hold a important, positive influence on the employee ‘s overall degree of occupation satisfaction ( Aamodt, 1999 ) † . Employees besides feels more satisfaction if the supervisors take sentiment from them in their determinations. Furthermore, as described by Chieffo ( 1991 ) , â€Å" supervisors who allow their employees to take part in determinations that affect their ain occupations will, in making so, excite higher degrees of employee satisfaction † . The Relationship with colleagues in any organisation plays a important function on the worker ‘s satisfaction. Kalleberg found that ( 1977 ) , â€Å" good work dealingss with colleagues can raise occupation satisfaction † . A survey conducted by Manger and Eikeland ( 1990 ) found that, â€Å" dealingss with co-workers were the largest forecaster of purpose to go forth the university † . Communication is an of import vehicle at workplace and high-quality interaction between colleagues increase occupation satisfaction. Harmonizing to Avtgis ( 2000 ) , â€Å" people who reported increased communicating and high wages in communicating besides reported greater relational satisfaction and greater perceived organisational influence † . Working status is another important characteristic of occupation that motivates employees to remain in their occupation. Harmonizing to Flowers & A ; Hughes ( 1973 ) , â€Å" the relationship between occupation satisfaction and environmental factors, peculiarly in accounting for grounds that employees stay in their occupations † . Harmonizing to Luthans ( 1998 ) , if people work in a clean, friendly environment they will happen it easier to come to work. If the opposite happens, they will happen it hard to carry through undertakings. Vorster ( 1992 ) maintains that working conditions are merely likely to hold a important impact on occupation satisfaction when, for illustration, the on the job conditions are either highly good or highly hapless. Furthermore, employee ailments sing working conditions are often related to manifestations of underlying jobs ( Luthans, 1992 ; Visser, 1990 ; Vorster, 1992 ) . Nature of work is besides one ground, which can fulfill or dissatisfy emplo yees. Harmonizing to Ninomiya and Okato ( 1990 ; cited in Mwamwenda, 1995 ) , â€Å" occupation satisfaction among instructors was associated with freedom to make their work as they saw tantrum, a sufficient supply of larning stuff and equipment, a good wage, a sensible category size every bit good as the support and cooperation of co-workers † . The reappraisal of literature showed there are different elements, which contribute to occupation satisfaction of the employees among instructors of Public and Private Universities. Among these factors are wage, publicity, contingent wages, nature of work, working status, nature of work, fringe benefits, supervising, and communicating. Therefore, in planing a survey to research difference in occupation satisfaction between Private and Public University instructors, it is important to reflect on these factors. The aim of this survey is to happen out difference in occupation satisfaction between Private and Public University instructors in add-on to what are the different factors that affect the satisfaction degree of the instructors towards his/her occupation. The undermentioned hypothesis was formulated based on old literature: Private Sector University instructors are more satisfied with their occupations as compared to Public Se ctor University instructors.2. Methods2.1 SampleA sample comprises of 160 instructors, 80 populace ( 40 males ; 40 females ) university instructors, and 80 ( 40 males ; 40 females ) private university instructors of Karachi, Pakistan. Age scope was from 24 to 65 and mean age was 38.92 ( SD 8.353 ) . Education degree was Masters 80.5 % , MPhil 9.5 % , and PhD 3.8 % . Duration of the service ranged from1 to 32 old ages, and the mean continuance was 8.76 old ages ( SD 7.049 ) . The occupation places of the participants were lectors ( 32.5 % ) , adjunct professors ( 41.25 % ) , associate professors ( 18.75 % ) , and professors ( 7.5 % ) . All respondents were lasting module members who worked in public and private universities.2.2 MeasureA demographic signifier was used, dwelling of several inquiries about gender, age, academic making, occupation position, matrimonial position, organisation type, and length of service. The Job Satisfaction Survey ( JSS ; Spector, 1997 ) JSS is a nine-subscale step of employee occupation satisfaction. The nine aspects are 1 ) wage, 2 ) publicity, 3 ) supervising, 4 ) periphery benefits, 5 ) contingent wagess, 6 ) operating conditions, 7 ) colleagues, 8 ) nature of work, and 9 ) communicating. The JSS consists of 36 points to be rated by participants on a 6-point likert format response graduated table ( i.e. , disagrees really much, disagree reasonably, disagree somewhat, agree somewhat, agree reasonably, and hold really much ) . In the present survey, JSS found to be internally consistent at the degree of = .822. The universities instructors were approached from different sections such as module sections, than the, intent of present research was explained to them, and they were requested to take part in the present survey ( written consent was taken ) . Many of them rejected to take part, and those who agreed to take part were farther preceded in the survey. The resonance was established by presenting ego and than by stating about the aim of the survey. They were ensured about confidentiality that their provided information would be used merely for research intent and their named will non mentioned in this survey, they were besides informed that their engagement will be on voluntary footing and they can go forth the survey at any phase. After set uping resonance and trust, participants were provided with demographic signifier to obtain their personal information. After taking demographic information, Job Satisfaction Survey ( JSS ; Paul E Spector, 1994 ) was administered in order to measure J ob satisfaction of the ( employees ) participants. After completion of steps, participants were thanked for being engagement in this research and for their cherished clip. After completion of informations, demographic signifier was analyzed and Job Satisfaction Survey was scored harmonizing to the instructions given in the manual.3. ConsequencesIn order to analyse informations in footings of statistics foremost, informations was tabulated on Microsoft excel sheet. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) , version 16.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics for demographic information and t-test was performed in order to happen out difference on occupation satisfaction between private university instructors and public universities instructors. The consequence of the survey suggests that important difference was found between Public and Private University instructors on the variable of Pay ( t=-3.138, p & lt ; .05 ) ; Promotion ( t=-2.174, p & lt ; .05 ) ; Fringe Benefit ( t=-2.554, p & lt ; .05 ) ; Contingent Rewards ( t= 3.823, P & lt ; .05 ) ; Operating Conditions ( t= -2.247, P & lt ; .05 ) ; and Nature of Work ( t=-2.482, p & lt ; .05 ) . However, no difference was found on the variable of Communication ( t=.315, P & gt ; .05 ) ; Co- Workers ( t= -.878, P & gt ; .05 ) ; and Supervision ( t=-.595, p & gt ; .05 ) .4. DiscussionThe consequence of the survey shows that there is important difference in occupation satisfaction between Private and Public university instructors. Harmonizing to the findings of the survey on the variable of wage, publicity, periphery benefit, contingent wages, and working status there is a important difference in occupation satisfaction of private and public university instructors. Additionally, undistinguished difference was found between private and public university instructors on the variable of communicating, supervising, and colleagues. A bivariate analysis of the consequences depicts that there is difference in occupation satisatfaction between public and private university instructors. Literature besides suggests that differences between public and private sector employees exist ( Goulet & A ; Frank, 2002 ; Perry, 2000 ; Perry & A ; Rainey, 1988 ; Wright, 2001 ) . Furthermore, employees choose to work for public sector organisations based on other outlooks and promises and therefore they support the thought that public sector employees are motivated by different facets than public sector employees ( Borzaga & A ; Tortia, 2006 ; Burgess & A ; Ratto, 2003 ; Perry & A ; Wise, 1990 ) . As private university provides assorted installations to their instructors for illustration, competitory wage bundles, satisfactory working environment, publicities, as compare public universities. The consequences of the survey shows that private university instructors are more satisfied with their wage as comparison to public university instructors. Harmonizing to Volkwein & A ; Parmley, ( 2004 ) Public sector organisations are financially honoring their employees slightly less than private sector organisations and are offering less careear development chances. In add-on, on the variable of contingent wages and frienge benfits important difference was foud between private and public university instructors. Literature besides suggests that Burgess and Ratto ( 2003 ) wage is non the best inducement for public sector workers because public sector employees are motivated by other inducements than private sector workers. The possible account of this determination is that fringe benefits include wellness insurance, retirement benefits, pension program, life insurance, and wellness insurance, and private universities in Pakistan offereing high-quality programs to their instructor as campare to public sector universities. Harmonizing to the consequences of the survey on the variable of nature of work private university instructors were more satisfied than public university instructors. Aryee ( 1992 ) studies that public sector employees perceive a lower quality of occupation content and are less motivated. A recent survey of Lyons, Duxbury and Higgins ( 2006 ) reveals differences in work-related values, particularly in the values: part of the occupation to society, chances for promotion, disputing work and esteemed work. Along with nature work runing status is besides lending a cardinal function in occupation satisfaction. Private universities in Pakistan supplying well-equiped work environment which includes computing machines, cyberspace installations, digital librararies with latest books, suites for modules that will actuate employees and increase their occupation satisfaction. However, the consequences on the variable of colleagues and communicating suggest no difference in private and public university instructor. In both sector instructor ‘s communicating and relationship with worker is non changing because its human demand to be affiliated with each other no affair from which civilization or sector they belong. This determination is in line with Gabris & A ; Simo ( 1995 ) that public sector and private sector employees do non differ on the demand for association. In the visible radiation of the findings of this survey no difference was found between public and private university instructors on the variable of supervising. Both sector university instructors are satisfied with their supervising. The findings support the difference in occupation satisfaction between private and public University instructors. The consequences have deductions for the policy shapers and the authorities that dissatisfied instructors in the univerersity can non satisfied pupils need. Furthermore, it will give rise to turnover, absenteesim and low motive in their work. Deriving a thorough apprehension of occupation satisfaction has deductions for bettering the working life of module members via supplying penetrations to decision makers responsible for planing and implementing staff development schemes and intercessions within the higher instruction context. There are some restrictions of the present survey. First, the survey depended on self-reported informations. There is ever a hazard of being biased and selective callback when utilizing such informations ( Smith & A ; Glass, 1987 ) . Second, the afore-mentioned findings derived from an aimed convenience trying procedure ; hence, the generalizability of the findings is limited. Finally, this survey coversPublic and private university instructors from Karachi. Expansion on the present survey would let greater cognition into the forecasters of occupation satisfaction in the instruction profession.5. DecisionTo reason, findings of the survey illustrates that occupation satisfaction improves public presentation of the instructors. These findings suggest that when instructors are satisfied with ther occupation they can enhace the academic potency of the students.In add-on ; there is difference in occupation satisfaction between public and private university instructors in occupation satisf action.

Ama, Learning

In this essay, the learning cure theory will be discussed, and also applying to L+H fashion limited (L+H) which will benefit by using the learning curve. In the last section, the limitation of learning curve will also be discussed. Part A (i) Introduction for learning curve theory Learning curve is a concept that measuring the experience of a skill gained by an organization, and how fast it can be master. As the experience gained, the workers performance will be improve, time taken will be decrease, and therefore the productivity will grow up.Also, according to Steven (2010), learning curve is a significant technique for management to predict the time needed for the future task (p. 1). It can also be useful for the several areas, for instance, making a pricing or budgeting decision, estimate the wages cost and planning schedule of work. In addition, learning curve is based on the task doing by human and must be in repetition. And Steven (2010) point out that the learning curve doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t help to reduce cost, it only occurs when the management take action. Introduction for the organizationIn the following section, the learning curve theory will be apply to L+H Fashion Limited (L+H), they are manufacturing of knitwear which is 100% hand made and also made in Hong Kong, from design, product development, knitting, linking, stitching, labeling to packaging. (ii) Introduction First of all, the learning curve can be applied in L+H since there are many procedures is doing by human and those procedures will unchanged because of L+H is only produce the knitwear, also those procedure are in repetition. Such as stitching, the workers have to stitch up those parts of the knitwear by hand.In this situation, the learning curve can be apply, because if the worker stitching the first knitwear, it will spend more time to find out the way. Move to the second one, the worker will more confidence and faster to stitch it, in repetition the task, the worker can be more efficiency . Furthermore, since they would like to be a high fashion brand in Hong Kong, and providing high quality knitwear to the other high fashion brand, so they are now considering should they accept the new contract, build up their own brand or both.The learning curve can be use to helping them to consider the budgeting, pricing, detecting the design bugs, future operation decisions and determine the human resourse. Budgeting In this case, if the learning affects taken into L+H, it is easily for them to evaluate the rate of learning and the time reduction. It can provide a reliable standard to measuring the actual performance of the product line. Therefore, the management can obtain the most near information, giving them a forecast of revenues and expenditures. Thus, they can evaluate their performance, and control the waste from error, setting the budgeted goal.Beside the goals set by the learning effect is more motivation for the workers. Such as production budgeting, they can estimate the production unit to meet the budgeted goal. Since they would like to provide the knitwear to the new contract, they can forecast the cost, human resources and material need for the new contract. They should use learning curve, because the simple analysis will ignored the learning effect, so that the performance may underestimate. It can also help to set a standard for guiding the workers, use to ake sure the quality of knitwear, control the cost and to establish the bonus plan. So that the management can confirm the knitwear having a high quality to fulfill their goal that being a high fashion brand. They can also estimate the product cost, since the cost is foremost element for pricing decision To conclude, it can help L + H for budgeting, since it can give them a accuracy forecasting, to let them set up a budgeted goal to motivate the workers, to measure their performance more exact, and the management can use to set out a guide to standard the task. PricingIt can help in pric ing strategic. Since the learning curve can be determine the cost, manpower for the task and predict time of the whole project. For instance, the procedures of knitwear are made by the workers, so that the labor costs become significant factor. They can foresee how much for the labor cost before they accept the contract. Also the material cost. In addition, when the production increase and the cost will be drop down, they can sell the knitwear at a lower price, and attracting the new customers choosing L+H and to gain the market share at the high fashion cycle.So that they can produce more knitwear and the cost will be further decrease. To summaries of the pricing, it is helpful for them to making price decision, use to having a lower price which is attracting the new customers. Decision making – future operational Thirdly, it can help management to making decision for future operation by using the data provide by learning effect. L+H can consider should they provide the knit wear to the other brand or build up their own brand. Because the resources are limited, they can find out the most profitable future operation decision.In additional, they can also consider should they provide training course to the worker, to make the procedure become more efficient. Furthermore, they can plan to make advertising or giving discount to the customer, because they become more efficient and the cost will be deduced, so that they can have more budgets. And this action can make them become more famous and attract the new customers. In concluding of this part, it is useful for them to find out the business orientation which is most benefit for them, and the future action should be making. Detected the designed bugsMoreover, they can find out the designed bugs and correct it immediate. Since the L + H will do the task repetition, so that there are more product produce with the same equipment. The designer can seek out the insufficient of the design of knitwear. It is help to devolve their product and make it more perfect. Moreover, it can help to reduce the waste of error and also to reduce the labor hours since they can find out which part is wasting resources and to redesign the knitwear. Thus, they can know how to use the lower cost to make the better knitwear.To sum up, since the designed bugs can be detected, they can prevent the waste of material, time and the labor hours. Also it can used to improve their product. Determining human resourses For determining the human resourses, as L+H become more efficient, the management can reassign the manpower, eliminate the unnecessary task or recruit additional worker. So that they can ensure the contract can be finish on time and the quality won’t be affect even they have to produce more knitwear. At the same time, the human resourses can be use in the best way.It can also help to plan the schedule of work to hit the production target, and forecast of the date of delivery. A round up of this part , the human resourse can be reallocate, and it is useful for cost saving. Part B Limitations Firstly, there is an assumption of learning curve that the production must be continues less of significant impediment. In case of the impediment occur the learning curve will be change. For example, when the entity employed a new worker to participate the activity, because of the learning curve performed by the experienced staff, the new worker will not be subject to learning curve.Secondly, any change of the learning environment such as design, the supply level and quality of materials, employee’s morale and people attribution, will affect the learning curve. For instance, the upgrade of facilities may affect the knowledge of the worker, their productivity may drop down, so the learning curve may obsolete. Also, since learning curve is based on the time of producing, nevertheless it is hardly to ensure the real data obtain for the calculation, so that the management expectation may be wrong.The company culture may also influence the learning curve, such as the bonus for workers, working hours per day. For example, the worker zeal of the task will decrease when the job nearly end, it will make the curve drop down. In additional, difference people having difference absorptive capacity, so that the time of finishing task will be difference. Lack of consistence is fail to meeting target which is decision by learning curve theory. Last but not least, the learning curve need the task is in repetition, if the task is not repetitive the learning curve cannot be applied. ConclusionTo conclude of the whole essay, the learning curve is a tool for management making decision and to become more efficiency to reach the goal. Also, the learning curve can be use in many ways. In part A (ii), discussed in the application of learning curve in L+H, they can use it for budgeting – helping them to set out the company goal and guidance, pricing – to having a lower pric e to increase their price competitiveness, decision making – to decide the most profitable general direction, detect the design error – to make the design become more perfect and determine the human resourse – to use the manpower most efficient.So that they can seek out the best way to continues their business. In the next part, the limitations of learning curve are discussed. There are six limitations have been probe, the learning curve is lack of continuity, there shouldn’t have any change of learning environment, the difficulty of obtaining the information, the company culture, human learning ability and the repetition of task. Reference List 1. Steven, Grahame, (1999) ‘The learning curve: from aircraft to spacecraft? Management Accounting, May 1999 2. http://secure. gslb. cimaglobal. com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/ma_may_99_p64-65. pdf [assessed 01. 11. 2012] 3. Steven, Grahame, (2010) ‘The learning curve: The key to future management? â €™ Research executive summary series, 6(12) 4. Steven, Grahame, (2004b) ‘Steep in history’ CIMA Insider, Jul/Aug. , pp. 23-24 5. Steven, Grahame, (2004a) ‘A minor departure’ CIMA Insider, Sep. , pp. 24 6. L+H Fashion Limited http://www. lplush. com/LplusH. html [assessed 01. 11. 2012]